1943
The 1943 Treaty was for the relinquishment of extraterritorial rights in China.
The Act repealed all the unfair treaties between China and the U.S. and allowed Chinese to immigrate for the first time since the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
1939年第二次世界大戰爆發，中、英、美結為同盟國，美國因此廢除所有與中國之間的不平等條約。1943年蔣宋美齡被邀至美國國會演講，參議院藉她來訪之勢，一舉廢除排華法案。
Madam Chiang Kai-shek lectured in the Congress in 1943.
1937
A“Paper Daughter”with Six Names
Louie Gum To was born in Zhongshan, China in 1920 and died in America
in 2001. Her name changed five times. The first was in 1937 when she left China. It was during the Chinese Exclusion era (1882-1943) when America banned Chinese from entering the country. One of the ways to circumvent the discriminatory laws was to assume the identity of a person in the exempt class.
Gum To’s mother found a family about to leave the war torn country and whose daughter had died. She persuaded them to take her daughter in their dead daughter’s place. Louie Gum To became Kam Sau Quon, their daughter on paper.
1927
Martha Lum was denied entry to a public school for white children.
In 1924, a nine-year old Chinese-American named Martha Lum was prohibited from attending Rosedale Consolidated High School in Bolivar County, Mississippi solely because she was of Chinese descent. The Supreme Court held that Gong Lum had not shown that there were not segregated schools accessible for the education of Martha Lum in Mississippi; therefore, Martha Lum was not allowed to go to the school for white children.
The picture directly below shows the two Lum sisters in third or fourth grade in the first row among white students. It was likely that the Supreme Court decision was not known in other local schools, for Gong Lum moved the family to Elaine, Arkansas where his girls attended white public schools. Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78 (1927) was effectively overruled by the Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which outlawed segregation in public schools.
1924年，9歲的華人女孩 Martha Lum 想進密西西比州的洛斯戴爾學校（Rosedale School）就讀，但她的申請被拒。Martha Lum的母親是位受過高等教育的香港女性，她決定提起訴訟，強迫學校讓女兒上學，但最後沒能成功。最高法院判決Martha Lum不可就讀白人學校，但可以去上黑人及褐色人種的學校。
1922
The Cable Act of 1922 forbade Chinese men from marrying white women.
The Anti-Miscegenation Act of 1889 prohibited Chinese men from marrying white women. The Cable Act of 1922 terminated citizenship of white American women who married Asian men. These laws were not fully overturned until the 1950s.
1889年的“反異種通婚法”禁止華人娶白人女性。1922年的克博法案（Cable Act of 1922）的成立，讓白人女性若嫁漢家郎就會喪失公民權。參議院於2014年5月16日正式為此法案道歉。
Photo Credits: Juwin Liu
1916
Quok Shee was the longest involuntary resident of Angel Island.
Immigrant Quok Shee was the "alleged wife" of Chew Hoy Quong. When she arrived in San Francisco, she was detained and interrogated for nearly 2 years on Angel Island, mostly because Chinese women were suspected to be prostitutes in that era.
More than an inch thick, her "investigation case file" was opened in September 1916 and was not closed until August 1918. She was repeatedly interrogated, denied access to a lawyer, plagued by depression, subjected to smallpox, and was isolated from a husband who was her only contact in America, yet whom she hardly knew. The file contained 150 pages of legal maneuvering, inquisitorial interrogations, medical evaluations, intrigue court orders—all because one Chinese woman tried to enter the United States.In 1927, her husband Chew told immigration authorities that his wife had complained he was not giving her enough money and had run off with another man.
清朝腐敗，民不聊生，老百姓就算冒著生命危險， 也想盡辦法移民美國。天使島是中國移民要進入美國加州的第一道關卡，成千上萬的華人女性在此被拘禁，受盡屈辱。
1912
Tye Leung Schulze became the first Chinese-American woman to vote in the presidential primary.
Tye Leung was born in San Francisco in 1887. When she was 14, her parents arranged for her to marry an older man. She ran away and sought refuge with Donaldina Cameron. She became the first Chinese-American woman to pass the civil service examination. Not only was she the first Chinese woman hired to work at Angel Island, but she also became the first Chinese-American woman to vote in a presidential primary election when she cast a ballot in San Francisco on May 19, 1912.
梁亞娣（Tye Leung Schulze）在1887年生於舊金山。她14歲時，父母就安排她嫁給一個年長的男士。梁亞娣勇敢的離家去找金美倫傳教士學英文、研究基督教，後來成為第一位通過美國政府文官考試的華人女性。1912年的美國總統初選，梁亞娣是第一位有資格投票選舉的華人女性，而全美國女性到 8 年後才有投票權。舊金山紀事報說：梁亞娣投票選總統，是女性完全解放的現代運動。梁亞娣因為嫁給白人，不得不辭去合法的政府工作，但她繼續為舊金山華人提供翻譯及社會服務，深受華人尊重。她於85歲時辭世。梁亞娣一直勇敢的反抗任何加諸於她身上的限制，創造屬於自己的榮譽、尊嚴。她從未參加任何全國性的組織，也沒有任何法案以她命名。她的傳奇來自於她一生全心全意的投入反抗人類的偏見與固執。
Photo Credits: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service
1909
The Angry Angel of Chinatown, Donaldina Cameron, rescued 3000 Chinese slave girls.
Donaldina Cameron ( July 26, 1869-January 4, 1968 ) was a Presbyterian missionary who advocated for social justice. She rescued and educated more than 3000 Chinese immigrant girls and women who were sold into slavery during her ministry from 1895 to 1934. Cameron House still stands today in San Francisco.
官司贏了之後
五年前開始的一個老案子，在喬治亞州亞特蘭大市的聯邦法院展開。
被告是53歲的台灣女士，她丈夫的生意在美國做得非常大，招來同行嫉妒，透過丈夫在公司的情婦去海關密告丈夫逃漏稅。發現氣氛不對，丈夫及合夥人全都躲到中國了。
女士因為捨不得中斷兒女的教育，而且自覺無罪，就留在喬治亞。
這下不得了了，找不到獵物的檢察官對她可不客氣，攻擊力道凶狠，非將陳小姐至於死地不可。United States v Jennifer Chen 的刑事案件就成立了。
Bow Kum's murder led to the Chinatown gang war.
Born to a poor family in Guangdong, Bow Kum was sold by her parents for $40 and later bought by Lau He Dong, a member of the Snakehead gang in San Francisco, for $3,000.
Lau fell in love with her, but Bow Kum chose to marry a gardener and ran away with him to New York. Lau's love quickly turned to hate and he asked his gang to seek revenge. On August 15,1909, Bow Kum was brutally murdered. Her husband was also part of a Chinese gang and they fought back. The war between the Chinatown gangs lasted more than a year. On January 11,1910, the alleged killers, Lau He Dong and Lau Shong, were acquitted because each of their gangs produced contradictory evidence, and the jury could not decide who the real killers were.
The U.S. and the Chinese government brokered talks between the rival gangs at the end of 1910. New York's Chinatown eventually regained its peace in 1913.
1898
In United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898), the Court ruled that practically everyone born in the United States is a U.S. citizen.
Wong Kim Ark, who was born in San Francisco to Chinese parents around 1871, was denied re-entry to the United States after a trip abroad in 1894. He challenged the government's refusal to recognize his citizenship. The Supreme Court ruled in his favor, holding that the citizenship language in the Fourteenth Amendment encompassed essentially everyone born in the U.S.—even the U.S.-born children of foreigners—and could not be limited in its effect by an act of Congress.
黃金德（Wong Kim Ark）生於美國舊金山，父母都是美國合法居民。黃金德1890年回中國，再返美時，海關認定他是美國公民而允許他入境。1894年，黃金德再次前往中國，1895年返美時，卻因排華法案而被拒絕入境，黃金德乃提起訴訟。
1897年，在United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898) 一案中, 最高法院大法官認定：所有在美國出生的華人後裔，其父母非中國外交官員或公職人員，且在美國擁有永久住所者，在出生時即為美國公民。黃金德打贏這場官司後，他的三個兒子也都拿到公民權。「在美國出生，即為美國公民」的法理，掀起外國孕婦前往美國生產的「生育旅遊」潮。
1896
Polly Bemis became a legendary Chinese-American pioneer.
Polly Bemis was sold by her peasant father for two bags of much-needed seed. She was smuggled into the United States in 1872 and sold as a slave in San Francisco. In 1894, she married Charles Bemis to prevent herself from being deported.
She later gained her residence paper because she was able to prove that she could not apply in time due to a major snowstorm in Idaho in 1895.
Her cabin, known as Polly Bemis House, became a museum and was placed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1988. Her story was fictionalized in the 1991 film: A Thousand Pieces of Gold.
1885
In Tape v. Hurley, 66 Cal. 473(1885), Mamie Tape fought for the right to public education.
Tape v. Hurley, 66 Cal. 473 (1885) was a landmark case in the California Supreme Court. In 1884, Mamie, then eight years old, was denied admission to the Spring Valley School due to her Chinese ancestry. Her parents sued the San Francisco Board of Education and won. Their argument was that the school violated California Political Code. The California Supreme Court upheld the decision. Justice McGuire wrote, "To deny a child, born of Chinese parents in this state, entrance to the public schools would be a violation of the law of the state and the Constitution of the United States."
A bill was quickly passed to establish the Oriental Public School in San Francisco. The school was renamed Gordon J. Lau Elementary School in 1998.
1848年以來，加州掀起淘金熱，短短一年就30萬人擠到加州，因為激增的人口，政府設立了7所公立學校。1852年，舊金山已有兩萬華人居民。1884年，出身富裕的華裔女孩 Mamie Tape 時年8歲，父母打算讓她就讀公立小學卻被拒收，因為當時的公立小學只收白人。
